Regulação definida por software para a IA (ITA 2019)
As questões de 33 a 36 referem-se ao texto a seguir:
1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is going to play an enormous role in our lives and in the global economy. It is the key to 2 self-driving cars, the Amazon Alexa in your home, autonomous trading desks on Wall Street, innovation in medicine, 3 and cyberwar defenses. 4 Technology is rarely good nor evil — it's all in how humans use it. AI could do an enormous amount of good and 5 solve some of the world's hardest problems, but that same power could be turned against us. AI could be set up to inflict 6 bias based on race or beliefs, invade our privacy, learn about and exploit our personal weaknesses — and do a lot of 7 nefarious things we can't yet foresee. 8 Which means that our policymakers must understand and help guide AI so it benefits society. […] We don't 9 want overreaching regulation that goes beyond keeping us safe and ends up stifling innovation. Regulators helped make 10 it so difficult to develop atomic energy, today the U.S. gets only 20% of its electricity from nuclear power. So, while we 11 need a Federal Artificial Intelligence Agency, or FAIA, I would prefer to see it created as a public-private partnership. 12 Washington should bring in AI experts from the tech industry to a federal agency designed to understand and direct AI 13 and to inform lawmakers. Perhaps the AI experts would rotate through Washington on a kind of public service tour of 14 duty. 15 Importantly, we're at the beginning of a new era in government — one where governance is software-defined. 16 The nature of AI and algorithms means we need to develop a new kind of agency — one that includes both humans and 17 software. The software will help monitor algorithms. Existing, old-school regulations that rely on manual enforcement are 18 too cumbersome to keep up with technology and too "dumb" to monitor algorithms in a timely way. 19 Software-defined regulation can monitor software-driven industries better than regulations enforced by squads of 20 regulators. Algorithms can continuously watch emerging utilities such as Facebook, looking for details and patterns that 21 humans might never catch, but nonetheless signal abuses. If Congress wants to make sure Facebook doesn't exploit 22 political biases, it could direct the FAIA to write an algorithm to look for the behavior. 23 It's just as important to have algorithms that keep an eye on the role of humans inside these companies. We 24 want technology that can tell if Airbnb hosts are illegally turning down minorities or if Facebook's human editors 25 are squashing conservative news headlines. 26 The watchdog algorithms can be like open-source software — open to examination by anyone, while the 27 companies keep private proprietary algorithms and data. If the algorithms are public, anyone can run various datasets 28 against them and analyze for "off the rails" behaviors and unexpected results. 29 Clearly, AI needs some governance. As Facebook is proving, we can't rely on companies to monitor and regulate 30 themselves. Public companies, especially, are incentivized to make the biggest profits possible, and their algorithms will 31 optimize for financial goals, not societal goals. But as a tech investor, I don't want to see an ill-informed Congress set up 32 regulatory schemes for social networks, search and other key services that then make our dynamic tech companies as 33 dull and bureaucratic as electric companies. […] Technology companies and policymakers need to come together soon 34 and share ideas about AI governance and the establishment of a software-driven AI agency. [...] 35 Let's do this before bad regulations get enacted — and before AI gets away from us and does more damage. We 36 have a chance right now to tee up AI so it does tremendous good. To unleash it in a positive direction, we need to get 37 the checks and balances in place right now.
Adaptado de <https://www.marketwatch.com/story/artificial-intelligence-is-too-powerful-to-be-left-to-facebook-amazon-and-other-tech-giants-2018-04-23>. Acesso em: jun. 2018.
Fonte: MarketWatch, 2018-04-23.
O autor defende uma regulação definida por software, pois I. a considera mais adequada para monitorar indústrias orientadas por software do que regulações impostas por equipes de reguladores humanos. II. algoritmos podem procurar por detalhes e padrões que os seres humanos talvez nunca pudessem descobrir, mas que, não obstante, são indicativos de abusos. III. precisamos de tecnologia que seja capaz de identificar comportamentos como o do Facebook que, ao explorar vieses políticos, difundiu manchetes de partidos conservadores. IV. é importante que algoritmos monitorem o papel dos seres humanos em empresas orientadas por software para evitar que minorias sejam prejudicadas na utilização de serviços. Estão corretas apenas
- A) I e II.
- B) I, II e IV.
- C) I, III e IV.
- D) II, III e IV.
- E) II e IV.