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Whales: modal perfeito de dedução (C1)

The recovery of the great whales is usually presented as the environmental movement's clearest victory, and in one sense it is. Humpback numbers in several ocean basins have returned to something approaching their pre-industrial range, and the moratorium that made this possible was achieved by a coalition of states with no commercial interest in the outcome. The story is complicated by arithmetic. Whalers' logbooks record catches so sustained, and over such a period, that the population of the eighteenth century ___ far larger than any estimate derived from twentieth-century surveys allowed, which means the baseline against which recovery is measured may be badly wrong. Ecologists call this shifting baseline syndrome: each generation takes the depleted world it inherits as the natural one. If the historical populations were several times greater than assumed, then the oceans have not been restored but stabilised at a fraction of their former productivity, and the celebration marks a slower decline rather than a reversal.

Fonte: English for ALL (texto original).

Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a lacuna do texto.

  1. A) must been
  2. B) must have being
  3. C) must have been
  4. D) must had been
  5. E) had to being
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Resposta correta: C

A dedução lógica sobre um estado de coisas passado se expressa com o modal perfeito "must have been", forma exigida pela referência explícita ao século XVIII. "Must been" omite o auxiliar "have", sem o qual não existe modal perfeito em inglês. "Must have being" troca o particípio "been" pelo gerúndio, o que é impossível depois de "have" nessa construção. "Must had been" flexiona o verbo que segue o modal, algo que a gramática inglesa nunca autoriza, e "had to being" combina obrigação com uma forma verbal incompatível.

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